SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Impeccability</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeccability</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God<br><small><small> in Christianity</small></small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Core attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li>

<li><a href="God_and_eternity" title="God and eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Overarching attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li>

<li><a href="Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Oneness</a></li>

<li><a href="Perfection#Christian_monotheism" title="Perfection">Perfection</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Miscellaneous</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Graciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacredness" title="Sacredness">Holiness</a></li>

<li><a href="Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li>

<li><a href="Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li>

<li><a href="Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_incomprehensibility" title="Divine incomprehensibility">Incomprehensibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">Incorporeality</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingship</a></li>

<li><a href="Missio_Dei" title="Missio Dei">Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Providence</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_conservation" title="Divine conservation">Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Simplicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Sovereignty of God in Christianity">Sovereignty</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_views_on_truth#Christianity" title="Religious views on truth">Veracity</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Emotions expressed by God</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Divine_jealousy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine jealousy">Jealousy</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Mercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Wrath</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Impeccability</b> is an inability to <a href="Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, while <b>sinlessness</b> refers to an absence of actual sin. The <a href="Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> teach impeccability to be an <a href="Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">attribute of God</a>. Logically God cannot sin: it would mean that God would act against God's own will and nature. Impeccability is therefore also attributed to <a href="Jesus_Christ_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ in Christianity">Jesus Christ in Christianity</a>. The <a href="Letter_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Hebrews">Letter to the Hebrews</a> asserts that Christ "did not sin".<sup id="cite_ref-heb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> further teaches a concept of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">'iṣmat al-anbiyā</i></span>, the sinlessness or impeccability of <a href="Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophets</a>, which has been compared to <a href="Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a> in early <a href="Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_and_apocryphal_writings">Biblical and apocryphal writings</h2></div>

<p>In the <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the Letter to the Hebrews asserts that Jesus Christ "did not sin".<sup id="cite_ref-heb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The writer of the <a href="Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a> states that <a href="Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> did not sin against God.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Catholic_teachings">Roman Catholic teachings</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Virgin_Mary">The Virgin Mary</h3></div>

<p>The Roman <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> teaches that <a href="Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a> was, by a special <a href="Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a> of God, without sin throughout her life. This included the <a href="Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">moment of her conception</a>, so Mary was even miraculously preserved from <a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and its effects. Some theologians have asserted this special grace extended to impeccability (understood in this context as the inability to sin); others argue this could not be so: as a natural human being, she would have had <a href="Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a> and therefore the <i>ability</i> to sin but through her cooperation avoided it.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papacy">Papacy</h3></div>

<p>Impeccability is sometimes confused with <a href="Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a>, especially in discussions of <a href="Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>. Impeccability is an attribute <i>not</i> claimed by the <a href="Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, and few would deny that there have been bad popes: <a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> himself denied Jesus three times. On the other hand, <a href="Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>, intellectual progenitor of the <a href="Ultramontanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramontanes">Ultramontanes</a> and nemesis of the lay faction in the <a href="Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">investiture controversy</a>, voiced an assertion of papal prerogative beyond even the strongest of modern apologists:

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>

The pope can be judged by no one; the Roman church has never erred and never will err till the end of time; the Roman church was founded by Christ alone; the pope alone can depose and restore bishops; he alone can make new laws, set up new bishoprics and divide old ones. ... He alone can call general councils and authorize canon laws; his legates ... have precedence over all bishops. ... A duly ordained pope is undoubtedly made a <a href="Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> by the merits of St. Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Nevertheless, in Catholic thought, the exemption of the <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">See of Rome</a> from all error extends only to its definitive teachings on faith and morals, not to its historical judgments. Similarly, papal sainthood does not suggest that popes are free from sin. Quite the contrary, popes frequent the sacrament of Reconciliation (confession and penance) for the forgiveness of their sins, as all Catholics are required to do. While occupying the papal office, <a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> confessed his sins weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afterlife">Afterlife</h3></div>

<p><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christians</a> questioned whether the victorious saints in heaven could sin. <a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> and theologian <a href="Origen" title="Origen">Origen of Alexandria</a> maintained that they could; official Roman <a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic doctrine</a> holds that they cannot. Although Catholics believe in the gift of <a href="Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, saints in heaven already see God face to face and are incapable of sinning (see <a href="Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Pope Benedict XII</a> and <a href="Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a>), i.e., they will necessarily remain in God. The <i><a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> states (emphasis added):

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1045 For man, this consummation will be the final realization of the unity of the human race, which God willed from creation and of which the pilgrim Church has been "in the nature of sacrament." Those who are united with Christ will form the community of the redeemed, 'the holy city' of God, "the Bride, the wife of the Lamb". She will <i>not be wounded any longer by sin</i>, stains, self-love, that destroy or wound the earthly community. The beatific vision, in which God opens himself in an inexhaustible way to the elect, will be the ever-flowing well-spring of happiness, peace, and mutual communion.

1060 At the end of time, the <a href="Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> will come in its fullness. Then the just will reign with Christ <i>forever</i>, glorified in body and soul, and the material universe itself will be transformed. God will then be "all in all" (⇒ 1 Cor 15:28), in eternal life.</p></blockquote>

<p><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> taught that souls in <a href="Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> cannot sin (<i><a href="Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, Second Part of the Second Part, Question 83, Article 11, Reply to Objection 3), let alone the saints in heaven. This is the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, although there are different opinions on the reasons for the impossibility to sin.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestant_teaching">Protestant teaching</h2></div>

<p>Evangelical writer <a href="Donald_Macleod_(theologian)" title="Donald Macleod (theologian)">Donald Macleod</a> suggests that the sinless nature of Jesus Christ involves two elements. "First, Christ was free of actual sin."<sup id="cite_ref-macleod220_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macleod220-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studying the gospels there is no reference to Jesus praying for the forgiveness of sin, nor confessing sin. The assertion is that Jesus did not commit sin, nor could he be proven guilty of sin; he had no vices. In fact, he is quoted as asking, "Can any of you prove me guilty of sin?" in <a href="John_8" title="John 8">John 8</a>:46. Secondly, he was free from inherent sin ("original sin" or "<a href="Ancestral_sin" title="Ancestral sin">ancestral sin</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-macleod220_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macleod220-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Protestant Christian theology holds that Jesus died for sins, even those of his mother.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</h2></div>

<p>According to <a href="Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>, sin arises from free choice rather than being an inevitable consequence of man's fallen nature. Therefore, it is theoretically possible, although unusual, for anyone to live a sinless life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li>

<li><a href="Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-heb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Hebrews%204:15">Hebrews 4:15</a>: <a href="New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zainudin, M. Z. S., and T. Ushama. “The Concept of Papal Infallibility in Christianity and ‘Iṣmah (Sinlessness) in Islam: A Comparative Study”. Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077), vol. 19, no. 2, Dec. 2022, pp. 263-94, doi:10.31436/jia.v19i2.1110.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="New_Revised_Standard_Version_Updated_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition">New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Prayer%20of%20Manasseh%201&version=NRSVUE">Prayer of Manasseh, verse 8</a>, accessed on 27 May 2025</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert McClory (1997). <i>Power and the Papacy</i>. Triumph. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7648-0141-4</bdi>. p. 19.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Willey (10 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7287071.stm">"Fewer confessions and new sins"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. Accessed 11 May 2025.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-macleod220-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macleod220_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macleod220_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Donald_Macleod_(theologian)" title="Donald Macleod (theologian)">Donald Macleod</a>, <i>The Person of Christ</i> (<a href="InterVarsity_Press" title="InterVarsity Press">InterVarsity Press</a>, 1998), 220.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuchniak2008123_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuchniak2008">Puchniak 2008</a>, p. 123.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisotzky200948_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVisotzky2009">Visotzky 2009</a>, p. 48.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPuchniak2008" class="citation book cs1">Puchniak, Robert (2008). "Pelagius: Kierkegaard's use of Pelagius and Pelagianism". In <a href="Jon_Stewart_(philosopher)" title="Jon Stewart (philosopher)">Stewart, Jon Bartley</a> (ed.). <i>Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions</i>. Farnham: <a href="Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7546-6391-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVisotzky2009" class="citation book cs1">Visotzky, Burton L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRX2ft6Q2D4C&pg=PA43">"Will and Grace: Aspects of Judaising in Pelagianism in Light of Rabbinic and Patristic Exegesis of Genesis"</a>. In Grypeou, Emmanouela; Spurling, Helen (eds.). <i>The Exegetical Encounter Between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>62. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-17727-7</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> from the official website of the Vatican</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/">Summa Theologica</a> from NewAdvent website</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Impeccability&oldid=1303465314">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>